Access To Justice For Consumers In Emerging Economies_{(The Case of Georgia, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates}

TABLE of CONTENTS
TABLE of CONTENTS 5
Introduction 9
CHAPTER 1
Access to Justice for Consumers in Georgia
Introduction 13
LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR CONSUMER PROTECTION 15
THE GENERAL DESIGN OF THE ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM 29
NUMBER AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSUMER COMPLAINTS
AND DISPUTES 36
CURRENT CONSUMER DISPUTE RESOLUTION PROCESSES 40
ALTERNATIVE MECHANISMS FOR THE RESOLUTION OF CONSUMER DISPUTES 50
ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION FOR CONSUMER DISPUTES 52
CHAPTER 2
Access to Justice for Consumers in Turkey
Introduction 55
AN OVERVIEW OF TURKISH LEGAL SYSTEM 57
TURKISH CONSUMER AND CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW 60
CURRENT CONSUMER ENFORCEMENT AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION PROCESSES IN TURKEY 66
The Nature of Consumer Arbitration Boards under the
Turkish Consumer Law 67
OTHER PUBLIC ADR ENTITIES 73
The Banks Association of Turkey Retail Customer Arbitration
Board 73
Information and Communications Technologies Authority 75
The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Police (Zabita) 76

6 Table of Contents
THE ROLE OF PRIVATE ENTITIES TO RESOLVE CONSUMER DISPUTES
IN THE TURKISH SYSTEM 77
ONLINE ACCESS TO CONSUMER ARBITRATION BOARDS AND
CONSUMER COURTS 79
CHAPTER 3
Access to Justice for Consumers in the United Arab Emirates Introduction 81
CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE UAE 83
Brief Overview of the United Arab Emirates 84
History and Background of Consumer Protection in the UAE 86
Legal Framework of Consumer Protection in the UAE 87
1.3.1. Pre-2006 87
(New) Consumer Protection Act No.15 of 2020
(Federal Law) 88
(Old) Consumer Protection Act No.24 of 2006
(Federal Law) 89
Local Law No. 2, 2008 on Food 89
Weaknesses of Consumer Protection in the UAE 90
The Government, the Law, Administrative, Regulatory and Enforcement Authorities of Consumer Protection in the UAE 92
The Role of the UAE Government in Consumer Protection 92
THE LAW OF ONLINE CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE UAE 93
ENFORCEMENT OF CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE U.A.E AND
THE CHALLENGES OF ENFORCEMENT 97
Role of Organisations in Consumer Protection in the UAE 98
Application of Consumer Protection by Consumer Organisations in the UAE 99
Mechanism of Applying Consumer Protection Law by Consumer Organisations in the UAE 100
Role of Customs in the Enforcement of Consumer Protection 101
Role of Police Departments 104
Role of the Ministry of Economy 107
Role of Consumer Protection Department 109

Table of Contents 7
Role of the Ministry of Health 111
Emirates Standardization and Metrology Authority 114
Department of Economic Development 115
Role of the Municipality in Protecting Consumers 117
UAE Consumer Protection Association 118
DISPUTE RESOLUTION. 121
The Inadequacy of the Alternative Dispute Resolution. 124
Failure of Adjudication 126
OVERVIEW OF ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ODR) FOR
CONSUMERS IN THE UAE 127
Benefits of ODR for Consumer Disputes: EU and UAE Compared 128
Factors Obstructing the Establishment of ODR in the UAE. 129
CHAPTER 4
Access to Justice for Consumers in Pakistan
Introduction 133
CONSUMER PROTECTION MECHANISM IN PAKISTAN 135
DISTRICT CONSUMER COURTS 137
Efficacy Of Consumer Court 139
CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES 140
LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF ADR IN PAKISTAN 141
THE SMALL CLAIMS AND MINOR OFFENCES ORDINANCE (SCMOO) 2002 146
ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN PAKISTAN 147