The Legitimacy of Civil Society Participation in Global Governance: Prospects for the World Trade Organization

Dr. Ayşe İrem Kıraç Favre-Felix

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

PART ONE
DEMOCRATIC LEGITIMACY, GLOBAL LAW-MAKING AND THE WTO

1. RECASTING THE WTO LEGITIMACY DEBATE: LEGITIMACY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE WTO
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Paradigm Shift in the Debate of 'Legitimacy of International Law'
1.2.1. In General
1.2.2. Allocation of Authority in International Law and Global Governance
1.2.3. Accountability Mechanisms in International and Global Law-making
1.2.4. Inclusion of New Actors in Global Law
1.3. Relevance of the Legitimacy Debate to the World Trade Organization
1.3.1. Economic Globalization by Definition
1.3.2. Brief History of Development of World Trade Law: From GATT to the WTO
1.3.3. Cooperation-Seeking in International Trade Regime
1.3.4. Connecting the Trade Regime to Wider Historical Context
1.3.5. Social Constructivism and the Legitimacy of the WTO Regime
1.4. Conclusion

2. THE CURRENT REGIME OF LEGITIMACY FOR THE WTO AND ITS CRITIQUE
2.1. Introduction
2.2. The Current Regime of Legitimacy for the WTO
2.2.1. The WTO Functions and Objectives
2.2.2. Trade-and-Issues and Regulatory Effect of the WTO
2.2.3. The Institutional Design of the WTO
2.2.4. Participatory Mechanisms within the WTO
2.2.5. Transparency of the WTO and WTO Documents
2.3. The Critique of the Current Regime of Legitimacy for the WTO
2.3.1. Procedural Legitimacy of the WTO
2.3.2. Substantive Legitimacy of the WTO
2.4. Conclusion

3. POLITICAL LEGITIMACY AND THE WTO
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Overview of Key Definitions, Sources of Legitimacy and Their Correlations
3.2.1. Legitimacy by Definition and its Sources
3.2.2. Description of the Sources of Legitimacy at a More Concrete Level
3.2.3. The Intersection between the Sources of Legitimacy
3.2.4. The Medium Role of Democracy for the Realization of Legitimacy
3.3. Transformations in Democratic Theory: From Aggregative to Deliberative
3.3.1. The Aggregative Model and its Critique
3.3.2. The Deliberative Model and its Critique
3.4. New Challenges: Democracy and Disagreement at the Global Level
3.5. Unfolding the WTO Legitimacy Problem: The Moral Aspect
3.5.1. Consent-Related Legitimacy Problem at International Law/Decision-Making and the WTO
3.5.2. Producing Legitimate Outcomes Concerning Global Distribution
3.6. Why Democratic Legitimacy for the WTO?
3.7. How to Progress towards More Legitimacy?
3.7.1. Theoretical Guidelines towards More Legitimacy
3.7.2. The Starting Point: The Principle of 'Sophrosyne'
3.8. Bringing a Fresh Perspective: Might the WTO Deadlock be a Request for Transformation?
3.9. Conclusion

PART TWO
CIVIL SOCIETY AND LEGITIMACY

4. THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY TO GLOBALIZE THE DEMOCRACY
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Analysis of the Concept of Civil Society
4.2.1. The Meaning and Main Characteristics of Civil Society
4.2.2. Civil Society as a Separate Sphere
4.2.3. Appearances of Civil Society
4.2.4. The Role of Civil Society
4.3. Promising Qualities of Civil Society for Amelioration of the Consent-Related Legitimacy Problem and the WTO
4.3.1. New Platform for Transferring the Consent
4.3.2. Ameliorate Some Shortcomings in the Law/Decision-Making
4.3.3. Capacity for the Global Structure
4.4. The Current State of Civil Society and Shortcomings
4.4.1. Civil Society and Democratic Legitimacy
4.4.2. Civil Society and Organizational Typology
4.4.3. Problematic Areas Related to the Legitimacy of Civil Society Organizations
4.4.4. Further Reflections in Order to Advance the Legitimacy of Civil Society Organizations
4.4.5. Civil Society Organizations and Their Legitimacy-Building Capacity
4.5. Untapped Potential of Civil Society for Advancing the WTO Legitimacy
4.5.1. Civil Society to Improve the WTO Procedural Legitimacy
4.5.2. Civil Society to Progress the WTO Substantive Legitimacy
4.6. Conclusion

5. CIVIL SOCIETY PARTICIPATION IN THE WTO AND DRAWING LESSONS FROM INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
5.1. Introduction
5.2. The Current Status of Civil Society Participation in the WTO
5.2.1. Civil Society Participation under the WTO Agreement and the Practice (Related to Legislative and Executive Functions of the WTO)
5.2.2. Civil Society Participation and Transparency in the WTO Dispute Settlement System: the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding and the Practice (Related to Judicial Function of the WTO)
5.3. Civil Society Participation in International Law and Global Governance: Various Approaches and Participatory Frameworks
5.3.1. The UN ECOSOC Approach to CS Participation
5.3.2. The ILO Approach to CS Participation
5.3.3. The WIPO Approach to CS Participation
5.3.4. The World Bank and Inspection Panel Approach to CS Participation
5.3.5. Drawing Lessons from Diverse Approaches to CS Participation in Decision/Law-making and Dispute Settlement
5.4. Conclusion

6. PROPOSAL FOR NEW PARTICIPATORY MECHANISMS: RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE WTO AND CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Taking Stock of the Theoretical Proposal
6.3. Proposal for New Participatory Mechanisms for Civil Society Participation: Recommendations to the WTO and the Other Actors Involved
6.3.1. Proposal for Civil Society Participation in the WTO Decision/Law-making Bodies (Related to Legislative and Executive Functions of the WTO)
6.3.2. Proposal for Civil Society Participation in the WTO Dispute Settlement System (Related to Judicial Functions of the WTO)
6.3.3. Recommendations to WTO Members
6.3.4. Recommendations to Civil Society Organizations
6.4. Conclusion

CONCLUDING REMARKS

BIBLIOGRAPHY