Liability of the Air Carrier

Av. Kader GÜNEŞ



CONTENTS

PREFACE-V

ABBREVIATIONS LIST-XV

1- WARSAW SYSTEM-1

I. -INTRODUCTION-1

1. -History and Development of Air Law-1

2. -THE WARSAW CONVENTION-3

a. -Historical Background of the Warsaw Convention of 1929-3

b. -Amendments of the Warsaw Convention-6

c. -Scope of the Warsaw Convention-9

aa. -Documents of Carriage-9

bb. -The Liability of the Carrier-10

II. -AMENDMENTS OF WARSAW CONVENTION-12

1. -The Hague Protocol, 1955-12

2. -The Guatemala City Protocol, 1971-16

3. -The Four Montreal Protocols, 1975-19

4. -Guadalajara Convention, 1961-23

III. -PRIVATE CARRIER AGREEMENTS-25

1. -1966 Montreal Intercarrier Agreement-25

2. -The IATA Intercarrier Agreement, 1995-28

VI. -THE MONTREAL CONVENTION OF 1999-32

1. -Preparatory Work within ICAO-32

2. -The Characteristic and Structure of the Montreal Convention of 1999-33

a. -Consolidation of the Warsaw Convention of 1929-33

b. -The Content of the Montreal Convention of 1999 in General-35

c. -Liability of the Carrier With Respect to Passengers, Baggage, Cargo and Delay-37

V. -EUROPEAN REGULATIONS OF 1997 AND 2002-39

1. -In General-39

2. -Council Regulation 2027/97-41

3. -The Amending Regulation of 889/2002-44

2- TURKISH CIVIL AVIATION ACT-47

1. -In General-47

2. -The Principles Governing the Domestic Contract of Carriage by Air-48

a. -In General-48

b. -The Provisions Relating to the Domestic Carriage of Cargo by Air-49

aa. -Statutory Provisions: -49

bb. -Conditions of Contract-50

cc. -The Provisions of the TCAA-50

dd. -International Agreements-50

ee. -The Provisions of the Law of Obligations-51

ff. -The Provisions of the Turkish Commercial Act-51

c. -The Provisions Relating to International Carriage by Air-52

3- CONTRACT FOR THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS/CARGO BY AIR-53

I. -CONTRACT FOR THE CARRIAGE OF CARGO BY AIR-53

1. -In General-53

2. -Content of the Air Cargo Contract-56

3. -The Parties to the Contract of Carriage-57

a. -The (Contracting) Carrier-57

b. -The Consignor and Consignee-57

4. -Legal Status of the Contract for the Carriage of Cargo-58

II. -THE AIR WAYBILL-59

1. -In General-59

2. -Designation of the Air Waybill-61

3. -Electronic Data Processing of Air Cargo-64

4. -Receipt for the Cargo-67

5. -Air Waybill Particulars-68

6. -Legal Status/Nature of the Air Waybill-70

a. -In General-70

b. -Statements Relating to Cargo-73

c. -Negotiability of Air Waybill-74

4- RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE CARRIER-77

I. -OBLIGATIONS OF THE CARRIER-77

1. -To Take Reasonable Care of the Goods-77

2. -To Carry the Goods at the Date Agreed Upon-77

3. -To Give Notice to the Consignee-77

4. -To Obey the Instructions of the Consignor and the Consignee-78

5. -Making out the Air Waybill-78

II. -RIGHTS OF THE CARRIER-78

1. -Pay Claim-78

2. -The Right on the Goods-79

5- RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONSIGNOR-81

I. -OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONSIGNOR-81

1. -Payment of the freight and other expenditures-81

2. -Making out the Air Waybill-82

a. -In General-82

b. -Non Compliance with Documentary Requirements-86

c. -Responsibility for Particulars of Documentation-87

II. -RIGHTS OF THE CONSIGNOR-90

1. -The Right of Disposition-90

a. -In General-90

b. -Requirements for Exercising the Right of Disposition-93

aa. -To Carry out All His Obligations Arising out of the Contract of Carriage-93

bb. -To Produce His Part of the Air Waybill-93

cc. -His Instructions must be Capable of Execution-94

dd. -His Instructions must not Cause to Prejudice to the Carrier or Other Consignors-95

2. -Implied Rights of the Consignor-99

6- RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONSIGNEE-101

I. -OBLIGATIONS OF THE CONSIGNEE-101

II. -RIGHTS OF THE CONSIGNEE-102

1. -Right to Delivery of the Goods-102

2. -Right to Request Notice of the Arrival of the Goods-104

3. -Right to Claim Compensation-105

7- LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER-107

I. -GROUNDS OF LIABILITY-107

1. -In General-107

2. -Destruction-109

3. -Loss-110

4. -Damage-112

5. -Delay-113

II. -CONDITIONS OF LIABILITY-118

1. -Damaging Event Has to Occur -During Carriage by Air'-118

2. -Being -In the Charge of the Carrier'-120

a. --On Board'-125

b. --In an Airport'-125

c. -Acceptance-128

d. -The Delivery-130

3. -Surface Transport-138

III. -LIMITATION OF LIABILITY-140

1. -Limited Liability System-140

a. -In General-140

b. -Limited Liability under the TCAA-141

c. -Limited Liability under the Warsaw/Hague System-141

2. -Limited Liability of the Servants and Agents of the Carrier-145

IV. -UNLIMITED LIABILITY-152

1. -In General-152

2. -Unlimited Liability under the Warsaw/Hague System-154

a. -Under the Warsaw Convention, 1929-154

b. -Under the Hague Protocol, 1955-159

c. -Under the Montreal Protocol No: 4-164

d. -Under Montreal Convention of 1999-165

3. -The Test Which Applies to Determine Unlimited Liability-165

4. -Unlimited Liability for Non-Compliance with the Convention's Requirements as to the Air Waybill-167

5. -Unlimited Liability for Special Declaration of Value-169

6. -Unlimited Liability under the TCAA-169

V. -EXONERATION OF THE CARRIER-170

1. -Exoneration Based on Having Taken -All Necessary Measures'-170

a. -Under the Warsaw/Hague System-170

b. -Under Montreal Protocol No. 4 and Under the Montreal Convention of 1999-177

c. -Under the TCAA-178

2. -Contributory Negligence-179

3. -Contractual Provisions-183

VI. -LIABILITY SUIT-184

1. -Notice of Complaint-184

a. -In General-184

b. -The Complaint under the Article 26/1-185

c. -The Time Limit for Notification under the Article 26/2-186

d. -Form of the Complaint-188

e. -The Content of the Complaint-188

f. -Fraud on the Carrier's Part-189

2. -The Parties-190

a. -The Plaintiff-190

b. -The Defendant-192

3. -The Proper Forum-193

a. -According to the TCAA-193

b. -According to Warsaw/Hague System-193

4. -Arbitration-198

5. -Cause of Action-198

6. -Time for Suit-203

CONCLUSION-207

BIBLIOGRAPHY-211