Analysis of EU Data Access and Portability Regulations in Addressing Competition – Related Data Access Challenges in the Digital Economy

 Yağmur Yelligedik

 İçindekileri

Table of Contents 

5

Abstract 

7

1. INTRODUCTION 

9

1. DATA 

13

1. Types of Data 

13

2. Economic Significance and Strategic Utilisation of Data 

15

3. Data’s Competitive Nature 

17

III. COMPETITION CONCERNS RELATED TO DATA 

21

1. LATEST UPDATES FOR ADDRESSING COMPETITION CONCERNS RELATED TO DATA 

27

1. ANALYSING EXISTING REGULATIONS TO RESOLVE COMPETITION–RELATED DATA ACCESS CHALLENGES 

33

1. Ex–Post Measures: Article 102 

33

1.1. Scope and Limitations of Article 102 

37

1.2. Applicability of Essential Facility Doctrine 

39

1.2.1. Indispensability 

42

1.3. Ex–post Nature 

48

2. Ex–Ante Measures: Data Access, Portability and Sharing Obligations 

49

2.1. Non–Personal Data Portability 

56

2.1.1. Digital Content Directive 

56

2.1.2. The EU Free Flow of Non–Personal Data Regulation 

57

2.2. Personal Data Portability 

58

2.2.1. GDPR 

58

2.3. Personal and Non–Personal Data Portability 

63

2.3.1. DMA 

63

2.3.1.1. Data Portability Right for End Users 

65

2.3.1.2. Data Portability Right for Business Users 

68

2.3.1.3. Other Considerations 

71

2.3.2. Data Act 

73

2.3.2.1. Data Access Provisions