Recognizing Artıfıcıal Intelligence As The Inventor In Patent Law

Av. Zehra Hamide GÜRBÜZ ÖNAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS  9

INTRODUCTION . 11

CHAPTER ONE

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)

CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF AI. 15

A) The History That Builds and Defines AI . 15

Understanding AI: Algorithm 22

Definition of AI 27

Human Intelligence and Machine Intelligence . 32

B) Machine Learning (ML) 35

Definition of ML 35

Types of ML . 38

Supervised Learning (SL) 38

Unsupervised Learning (USL) . 38

Reinforced Learning (RL) 39

Deep Learning (DL) . 40

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) 41

Examples of DL . 42

Evolutionary Computing (Programming) 42

AI TODAY 45

A) Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) 45

B) The Benefits of ANI 47

III. FUTURE OF AI 47

A) Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) 47

B) Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI) 50

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CHAPTER TWO

RELAVANT CONCEPTS IN PATENT LAW AND

PATENTABILITY OF AI SYSTEMS AND INVENTIONS

OVERVIEW OF PATENT LAW 51

A) Etymology and History . 52

Turkish Patent Law 53

History of Turkish Patent Law . 53

The Recent Law . 54

International Legislation 54

B) Invention and Inventor . 55

Invention . 55

Invention in Turkish Law . 55

Invention in Europe and Other Jurisdictions . 57

Inventor 57

Inventor in Turkish Law . 58

Inventor in Europe and Other Jurisdictions . 59

C) Patentability Criteria 60

Novelty . 61

“State of Art” in Novelty 61

Explanation of Novelty with an Example 63

Inventive Step (Non-Obviousness) 65

“State of Art” in Inventive Step . 66

Exceptions of “State of Art” in Evaluating Inventive

Step  66

First Exception: Unpublished Patent Applications 66

Second Exception: The Related Area 67

Expert in the Field . 67

Determining the Inventive Step: “Problem-Solution”

Approach . 67

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Industrial Applicability 69

PATENTABILITY OF AI SYSTEMS AND AI

INVENTIONS . 70

A) Patentability of Computer Software 71

B) Patentability of AI Systems . 73

C) Patentability of AI Inventions 74

Disclosure of AI . 74

Global Cooperation on AI 75

Inventorship of AI 75

Patent Law Term “The Skilled Person” and AI . 75

CHAPTER THREE

AI AS AN INVENTOR

RECENT ADVANCEMENT of AI APPLICATIONS in

DIFFERENT SECTORS . 77

RECOGNIZING AI: DIFFERENT APROACHES FOR

PERSONALITY . 79

A) Electronic Personality 80

B) Attorney/Representative Approach . 81

C) Artificial Human Approach . 82

D) Slavery Approach 82

III. THE DABUS CASE: THE EARLY CROWING

ROOSTER  83

A) What Is DABUS? 84

B) The Artificial Inventor Project (AIP) 87

C) DABUS Patent Applications . 88

D) Rejection of DABUS Patent Applications 94

Decision in UK on DABUS Application . 94

Decision of EPO on DABUS Application . 96

Decision in US on DABUS Application 97

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Other PCT Countries: Australia, Germany, South Africa 100

Decision in Australia on DABUS Application 102

Decision in Germany on DABUS Application 103

Decision in South Africa on DABUS Application 104

CHAPTER FOUR

FUTURE OF PATENT LAW REGARDING AI

FUTURE OF PATENT LAW 105

A) Can AI Be Recognized As Inventor 106

Arguments of the Positive Perspective . 108

Argument One: Current System Discourage Honesty . 109

Argument Two: Incentivise Innovation . 110

Argument Three: Reform in Patent Law Is

Indispensable . 110

Argument Four: Society Will Be the Owner of the

Invention  110

Arguments of the Negative Perspective . 111

Argument One: Opponents of IPR Protection . 111

Argument Two: Opponents of Pre-acceptance 111

Argument Three: Inventiveness is Unique to Human

Being  112

B) Can AI Invent? . 112

C) About the AI Inventions Cited in the Literature 114

Circuit Designs By John Koza’s “Invention Machine” . 114

“Oral-B Cross Action Tooth Brush” by “Creativity

Machine”  115

“Food Receipt” By Contest Winner Watson’s Jeopardy . 115

“Nose Cone” by Hitachi Company 116

“Fractal Food Container” and “Devices and Methods for

Attracting Enhanced Attention” by DABUS . 116

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The NASA Antenna . 116

“Digital Twin” Car Suspension by Siemens 117

Robot Eve in Medical Field . 117

D) Anthropomorphism in AI 118

CONCLUSION . 121

ABSTRACT . 125

ÖZET . 127

BIBLIOGRAPHY . 129

LINKS  148

LIST OF FIGURES  150