Recklessness and Gross Negligence in English Criminal Law

Usame ALTUNTAS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT. 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS 9

INTRODUCTION.11

RECKLESSNESS.17

2.1. Cunningham/Subjective Recklessness 17

2.1.1. General Developments . 17

2.1.2. Criticisms of the Cunningham Test. 25

2.2. Caldwell/Objective Recklessness  30

2.2.1. General Development . 30

2.2.2. The Positive Side of Caldwell. 34

2.2.3. The Negative Side of Caldwell . 38

2.2.4. A Subjective Approach to Caldwell . 48

2.2.5. Indifference . 51

2.3. The Current Test of Recklessness 55

2.3.1. Modifications to Caldwell 58

GROSS NEGLIGENCE63

3.1. Negligence 64

10 Table of Contents

3.2. The Moral Basis for Criminal Liability in

Gross Negligence66

3.3. What Makes Negligence Gross?.69

3.4. Circularity .75

3.5. The Requirements of Manslaughter by

Gross Negligence80

3.6. Do We Need Reckless Manslaughter? 87

CONCLUSION. 93

TABLE OF CASES99

TABLE OF LEGISLATIONS  101

BIBLIOGRAPHY . 103