CONTENTS CONTENTS 5 FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION 13 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 15 ABOUT THE BOOK 17 FOREWORD TO THE SECOND EDITION 19 A NOTE FOR THE FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCES STUDENTS 21 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 23 CHAPTER 1: SOCIAL ORDER RULES INTRODUCTION 29 1. SOCIETY AND ORDER 30 2. SOCIAL ORDER RULES 31 2.1. Religious Rules 32 2.2. Customary Rules 33 2.3. Moral Rules 34 2.4. Legal Rules 35 3. THE SIMILARITIES AMONG SOCIAL ORDER RULES 35 4. THE DIFFERENCES AMONG SOCIAL ORDER RULES 36 5. THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG SOCIAL ORDER RULES 37 5.1. The Relationship between Law and Religious Rules 38 5.2. The Relationship between Law and Moral Rules 39 5.3. The Relationship between Law and Customary Rules 41 6. DEFINITION OF LAW 42 6.1. Main Objectives of Law 43 6.2. Main Types of Legal Sanctions 44 6.3. Characteristics of Legal Rules 45 7. SOURCES OF LAW 45 7.1. Constitution 47 7.2. Laws (Acts, Codes and Statutes) 47 7.3. International Treaties 47
6 Contents 7.4. Presidential Decrees 47 7.5. By-Laws 47 7.6. Other Delegated Legislation (Subordinate Legislation) 48 7.7. Doctrine 48 7.8. Case Law 49 8. HIERARCHY OF LAW 49 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 51 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS. 52 CHAPTER 2: SYSTEMS OF LAW INTRODUCTION 57 1. LEGAL SYSTEMS 59 1.1. Common Law System 60 1.2. Civil Law System 62 1.3. Religious Law System 64 2. SEVERAL CONCEPTS 73 2.1. Law & Justice 73 2.2. Legal Positivism & Natural Law 73 2.3. Domestic Law & International Law 74 2.3.1. Relationship between Domestic and International Law 75 2.3.2. Dualism 75 2.3.3. Monism 76 2.4. Substantial Law & Procedural Law 77 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 78 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS. 79 CHAPTER 3: APPLICATION OF LEGAL RULES INTRODUCTION 83 1. APPLICATION OF LEGAL RULES 84 1.1. Ascertaining the Applicable Rules 84 1.2. Determining Facts 85 1.3. Applying the Relevant Provisions of Rule 85 1.3.1. Syllogism 86 1.3.2. Argumentum a Contrario 87 1.3.3. Analogy 87
Contents 7 2. BURDEN OF PROOF 94 2.1. Burden of Proof/In Criminal Cases 94 2.2. Burden of Proof/In Civil Cases 95 3. PRESUMPTIONS 96 3.1. Statutory Presumption 96 3.2. Rebuttable Presumption 96 3.3. Irrebuttable Presumption 98 4. INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL RULES 98 4.1. Textual Interpretation 99 4.2. Historical Interpretation 100 4.3. Logical Interpretation 101 4.4. Teleological Interpretation 101 4.5. Unrestricted Interpretation 102 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 103 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 104 CHAPTER 4: BRANCHES OF LAW INTRODUCTION 107 1. CORPUS IURIS CIVILIS 108 2. CRITERIA FOR THE DIVISION OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE LAW 112 2.1. Interest Criterion. 112 2.2. Free Will Criterion 113 2.3. Sovereignty Criterion 113 2.4. Equality Criterion 114 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 115 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 116 CHAPTER 5: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW INTRODUCTION 119 1. DEFINITION OF CONSTITUTION 119 1.1. Contents of the Constitution 121 1.1.1. Prelimninary Chapter (or Preamble) 121 1.1.2. General Principles Chapter. 122 1.1.3. Institutions of the State Chapter 123 1.1.4. Fundamental Rights and Freedoms Chapter 126 1.1.5. Effectiveness and Changing Chapter 128 1.2. Essentials or Requisites of a Good Constitution 130
8 Contents 2. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONS 131 2.1. Written and Unwritten Constitution 132 2.1.1. Merits and Demerits of Unwritten Constitutions 133 2.1.2. Merits and Demerits of Written Constitutions 135 2.2. Soft and Rigid Constitution 135 2.2.1. Merits and Demerits of Soft Constitutions 136 2.2.2. Merits and Demerits of Rigid Constitutions 137 2.3. Frame and Regular Constitution 138 3. CONSTITUTIONALISIM IN THE WORLD AND TURKEY 139 3.1. The History of Constitutionalism in the World 140 3.2. The Constitutional History of Turkey 141 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 147 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS. 148 CHAPTER 6: ADMINISTRATIVE LAW INTRODUCTION 153 1. THE CONCEPT OF ADMINISTRATION 154 1.1. Division of Public-Private Administration 155 1.2. The Differences in Terms of Establishment 155 1.3. The Differences in Terms of Targets 155 1.4. The Differences in Terms of the Determination of Activity Areas 155 1.5. The Differences in Terms of the Exercise of Public Power 156 1.6. The Differences in Terms of Priority 156 1.7. The Differences in Terms of Legality 156 1.8. The Differences in Terms of Termination 156 2. THE SYSTEMS OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 156 3. THE BIRTH OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 157 4. THE BIRTH OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW IN TURKEY 158 5. THE FEATURES OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 159 6. THE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF TURKEY 160 6.1. Centralization 160 6.2. Decentralization 162 7. THE INTEGRITY OF THE ADMINISTRATION 163 7.1. Hierarchy 163 7.2. Administrative Tutelage 165
Contents 9 7.3. Devolution of Powers 166 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 169 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 170 CHAPTER 7: TAX LAW INTRODUCTION 175 1. DEFINITION OF TAX 177 2. TURKISH TAXATION SYSTEM 179 2.1. Tax Procedure 179 2.2. Substantive Tax Law 181 2.2.1. Personal Income Tax 181 2.2.2. Corporate Income Tax 183 2.2.3. Taxes on Goods and Services 183 2.2.4. Taxes on Property 187 2.2.5. Other Taxes 188 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 190 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 191 CHAPTER 8: INTERNATIONAL LAW INTRODUCTION 195 1. THE CONCEPT OF STATE 198 2. THE ELEMENTS OF THE STATE 199 2.1. Territory 199 2.2. Background Note on Aegean Disputes between Turkey and Greece concerning Territorial Waters cnd Continental Shelf 201 2.2.1. The Territorial Waters and the Continental Shelf 202 2.2.2. The Demilitarized Status of the Eastern Aegean Islands 204 2.2.3. The Legal Status of Certain Geographical Features in the Aegean 205 2.2.4. Aegean Airspace 205 2.2.5. Search and Rescue (SAR) operations/activities 207 2.3. Population 208 2.4. Sovereignty 208 2.5. Kinds of Sovereignty 211 2.5.1. Internal Sovereignty & External Sovereignty 211 2.5.2. Real Sovereignty & Nominal Sovereignty 211 2.5.3. Legal Sovereignty & Political Sovereignty & Popular Sovereignty 212 2.5.4. De Jure Sovereignty & De Facto Sovereignty 213
10 Contents 3. THE THEORIES OF THE STATE 213 3.1. The State and Other Concepts 213 3.1.1. The State and Society 214 3.1.2. The State and Nation 214 3.1.3. The State and Government 215 3.2. The Theories of the State 215 3.2.1. Voluntaristic Theories 216 3.2.2. Theory of the Contract 216 3.2.3. Coercive Theory 217 3.2.4. Environmental Circumscription 219 3.2.5. Political Evolution 219 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 221 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS. 222 CHAPTER 9: CRIMINAL LAW INTRODUCTION 227 1. THE DEFINITION OF CRIMINAL LAW 229 2. MAJOR ASPECTS OF CRIMINAL LAW 230 2.1. Definition of Crimes 230 2.2. Types of Crimes 234 2.3. Sanctions 243 2.4. Principle of Non-Retroactivity 246 3. THE AIMS OF PUNISHMENT 247 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 249 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS. 250 CHAPTER 10: CIVIL LAW INTRODUCTION 255 1. TURKISH CIVIL LAW 256 1.1. Preliminary Chapter (Articles 1-7) 256 1.2. Book One (Articles 8-117): Law of Persons 259 1.2.1. Classification of Persons 259 1.2.2. Beginning and End of Personality 260 1.2.3. Capacity 261 1.3. Book Two (Articles 118-494): Family Law 263 1.3.1. Filiation 264
Contents 11 1.3.2. Marriage 266 1.3.3. Divorce 267 1.4. Book Three (Articles 495-682): Law of Succession 270 1.4.1. Intestate Succession 271 1.4.2. Testate Succession 272 1.4.3. Agreement of Inheritance 273 1.4.4. Limit of Free Will 273 1.4.5. Reserved Portions 273 1.4.6. Disclaim of Inheritance 274 1.5. Book Four (Articles 683-1027): Law of Property 274 2. TURKISH LAW OF OBLIGATION 275 2.1. Contracts 275 2.2. Illegal Acts (Torts) 275 2.3. Unjust Enrichments 276 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 277 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 278 CHAPTER 11: COMMERCIAL LAW INTRODUCTION 281 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMERCIAL LAW 281 2. TURKISH COMMERCIAL LAW 283 2.1. Preliminary Chapter (Articles 1-10) 283 2.2. Book One (Article 11-123): Commercial (Business) Enterprises 286 2.3. Book Two (Article 124-644): Business Associations (Corporate Law) 288 2.3.1. Collective Company 289 2.3.2. Commandite Company 290 2.3.3. Joint Stock Company 290 2.3.4. Limited Companies 291 2.3.5. Cooperatives 291 2.4. Book Three (Article 645-849): Commercial Papers 291 2.5. Book Four (Article 850-930): Transport Business 293 2.6. Book Five (Article 931-1400): Maritime Law 293 2.7. Book Six (Article 1401-1535): Insurance Law 294 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 295 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS 296
12 Contents CHAPTER 12: PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW INTRODUCTION 301 1. CONFLICT OF LAWS 303 2. LAW OF NATIONALITY 305 3. LAW OF ALIENS (FOREIGNERS) 308 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 315 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS. 316 CHAPTER 13: PROCEDURAL LAW INTRODUCTION 319 1. THE LAW OF CIVIL PROCEDURE 319 2. THE LAW OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 322 3. THE LAW OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE 329 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 332 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS. 333 CHAPTER 14: BRANCHES OF LAW WHERE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAW CHARACTERISTICS ARE MIXED INTRODUCTION 337 1. LABOUR LAW 337 1.1. Individual Labour Law 339 1.1.1. Contract of Employment 339 1.1.2. Types of Employment Contracts 340 1.1.3. Termination of Labour Contracts 341 1.1.4. Obligations and Duties of Employer 345 1.1.5. Obligations and Duties of Employee 347 1.2. Collective Labour Law 347 1.3. Labour Judiciary 349 2. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 350 3. BANKING LAW 353 SELF-TEST QUESTIONS 357 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS. 358 GLOSSARY 359 CONCEPT INDEX 363
